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Les Guignols de L’Info: Les journalistes les plus professionnels en France

March 20, 2012 17 comments

It is awkward to watch French journalists interviewing Nicolas Sarkozy. They look nervous, flustered, incoherent, and most importantly, they look like a bunch of amateurs. They don’t ask the questions that need to be asked of an incumbent president. They don’t talk about his record. They let Sarkozy lead the interview, answer the questions he wants to answer, and ask himself questions and then answer them, and so on. It’s a pitiful spectacle. It is no longer journalism; it’s idolatry.

Take for example Franz Olivier Giesbert, supposedly a famous journalist with the magazine Le Point. In his last interview of Sarkozy, Mr. Giesbert asked the incumbent president–it wasn’t really a question, or a comment or rhetorical question, quite honestly, i really don’t know what he was doing–about his sad eyes. He said, “je vois de la tristesse dans vos yeux!” Oh my goodness! Is that a question or a love declaration? Instead of asking the president about his flip-flopping on many of his previous positions and policies, or on the aggressive tone of his campaign, or on his numerous lies on the campaign trail, or on his record/plan to fight France’s chronically high unemployment rate, Mr. Giesbert asked about the president’s eyes. Wasn’t that a heartwarming question? I literally cringed when i heard that comment/question/whatever you want to call it. Would that be a question that Joe Nocera or Nicholas D. Kristof of the New York Times would ask? Would that be a question that Mike Wallace or Steve Kroft or Scott Pelley of 60 Minutes would ask? No, they would not because those questions allow the interviewed to gain control of the interview, to lead it, to have the upper hand, and therefore, to escape and avoid answering the most pertinent questions. Instead, Sarkozy gets asked softball questions and he gets to knock them out of the park. The man has yet to answer one hard question on his record or on his campaign. No one has yet to date to ask him the tough question(s).

Don’t get me wrong, Franz Olivier Giesbert is not the only stupid journalist in France. There are plenty of them–especially on television–and all of them seem to be awestruck when they have the incumbent president Sarkozy in front of them. They really remind me of those teenage girls who yell and scream and cry when they meet Justin Beiber or their pop music idol. They are ridiculous. It’s a shameful spectacle that degrades the noble profession of journalism.

However, there are still journalists in France who do their job and ask the real questions, and try to highlight the flagrant inconsistencies and contradictions of Sarkozy the candidate. They are just not human. They are figurines made out of rubber, foam, plastic, and fake hair. Yes, those journalists are the puppets of Canal Plus, also known as Les Guignols de L’Info. They are the only professional journalists in France or what is left of professional journalism in that country. They wrap and mix serious questions with satire, laughter, and jokes, but their questions are right on the money; and they are deadly serious.

These two short clips posted below show one very important thing that no journalist in France has yet to highlight. Les Guignols point to the most obvious, to the biggest elephant in the room: the contradictions, the lies, and the inconsistencies in Sarkozy’s campaign and record. They do that in a very clever and yet accurate way. I think that all journalists in France should sit down, shut up, watch a few clips, take notes, and then try to be as professional as les Guignols de l’Info.

En 2012, je change tout sauf les shoes (courtesy of Canal+.fr)

Nicolas Sarkozy peut-il faire oublier Nicolas Sarkozy (courtesy of Canal+.fr)

Algerie: Les Accords d’Evian, le texte intégral

March 18, 2012 Leave a comment

Courtesy of : Le Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ); Université Laval, Québec.

http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca

Le texte intégral a été publié dans Le Monde du 20 mars 1962. Cependant, le texte publié du côté algérien (dans le El Moudjahid du 19 mars 1962) comporte quelques variantes, notamment dans la dénomination des deux parties. Ainsi, le texte algérien porte la mention «Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne» (GPRA), alors que le texte français écrit «FLN». Or, c’est avec le FLN qu’a traité le gouvernement français, non le GPRA, dont il a toujours nié la représentativité.

I – ACCORD DE CESSEZ-LE-FEU EN ALGÉRIE

ARTICLE PREMIER

Il sera mis fin aux opérations militaires et à toute action armée sur l’ensemble du territoire algérien le 19 mars 1962, à 12 heures.

ART. 2

– Les deux parties s’engagent à interdire tout recours aux actes de violence collective et individuelle.
– Toute action clandestine et contraire à l’ordre public devra prendre fin.

ART. 3

– Les forces combattantes du FLN, existant au jour du cessez-le-feu se stabiliseront à l’intérieur des régions correspondant à leur implantation actuelle.
– Les déplacements individuels des membres de ces forces en dehors de leur région de stationnement se feront sans armes.

ART. 4

Les forces françaises stationnées aux frontières ne se retireront pas avant la proclamation des résultats de l’autodétermination.

ART. 5

Les plans de stationnement de l’armée française en Algérie prévoiront les mesures nécessaires pour éviter tout contact entre les forces.

ART. 6

En vue de régler les problèmes relatifs à l’application du cessez-le-feu, il est créé une Commission mixte de cessez-le-feu.

ART. 7

La Commission proposera les mesures à prendre aux instances des deux parties; notamment en ce qui concerne:
– la solution des incidents relevés, après avoir procédé à une enquête sur pièces;
– la résolution des difficultés qui n’auraient pu être réglées sur le plan local.

ART. 8

Chacune des deux parties est représentée au sein de cette Commission par un officier supérieur et au maximum dix membres, personnel de secrétariat compris.

ART. 9

Le siège de la Commission mixte du cessez-le-feu sera fixé à Rocher-Noir.

ART. 10

Dans les départements, la Commission mixte du cessez-le-feu sera représentée, si les nécessités l’imposent, par des commissions locales composées de deux membres pour chacune des parties, qui fonctionneront selon les mêmes principes.

ART. 11

Tous les prisonniers faits au combat détenus par chacune des parties au moment de l’entrée en vigueur du cessez-le-feu, seront libérés; ils seront remis dans les vingt jours à dater du cessez-le-feu aux autorités désignées à cet effet.
Les deux parties informeront le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge du lieu du stationnement de leurs prisonniers et de toutes les mesures prises en faveur de leur libération

II – DÉCLARATIONS GOUVERNEMENTALES DU 19 MARS 1961
RELATIVES À L’ALGÉRIE

A) DÉCLARATION GÉNÉRALE

Le peuple français a, par le référendum du 8 janvier 1961, reconnu aux Algériens le droit de choisir, par voie d’une consultation au suffrage direct et universel, leur destin politique par rapport à la République française.

Les pourparlers qui ont eu lieu à Evian, du 7 mars au 18 mars 1962 entre le gouvernement de la République et le FLN., ont abouti à la conclusion suivante.

Un cessez-le-feu est conclu. Il sera mis fin aux opérations militaires et à la lutte armée sur l’ensemble du territoire algérien le 19 mars 1962, à 12 heures.

Les garanties relatives à la mise en œuvre de l’autodétermination et l’organisation des Pouvoirs publics en Algérie pendant la période transitoire ont été définies d’un commun accord.

La formation, à l’issue de l’autodétermination d’un État indépendant et souverain paraissant conforme aux réalités algériennes et, dans ces conditions, la coopération de la France et de l’Algérie répondant aux intérêts des deux pays, le gouvernement français estime avec le FLN, que la solution de l’indépendance de l’Algérie en coopération avec la France est celle qui correspond à cette situation. Le gouvernement et le FLN ont donc défini d’un commun accord cette solution dans des déclarations qui seront soumises à l’approbation des électeurs lors du scrutin d’autodétermination.

CHAPITRE PREMIER

De l’organisation des Pouvoirs publics pendant la période transitoire et des garanties de l’autodétermination

a) La consultation d’autodétermination permettra aux électeurs de faire savoir s’ils veulent que l’Algérie soit indépendante (la question ne sera pas posée lors du scrutin, le seul choix sera Indépendance associée à la France ou sécession ) et, dans ce cas, s’ils veulent que la France et l’Algérie coopèrent dans les conditions définies par les présentes déclaration.

b) Cette consultation aura lieu sur l’ensemble du territoire algérien, c’est-à-dire dans les quinze départements suivants: Alger, Batna, Bône, Constantine, Médéa, Mostaganem, Oasis, Oran, Orléansville, Saida, Saoura, Sétif, Tiaret, Tizi-Ouzou, Tlemcen.
Les résultats des différents bureaux de vote seront totalisés et proclamés pour l’ensemble du territoire.

c) La liberté et la sincérité de la consultation seront garanties conformément au règlement fixant les conditions de la consultation d’autodétermination.

d) Jusqu’à l’accomplissement de l’autodétermination, l’organisation des Pouvoirs publics en Algérie sera établie conformément au règlement qui accompagne la présente déclaration. Il est institué un Exécutif provisoire et un Tribunal de l’ordre public.
La République est représentée par un haut commissaire.
Ces institutions et notamment l’Exécutif provisoire seront installées dès l’entrée en vigueur du cessez-le-feu.

e) Le haut commissaire sera dépositaire des pouvoirs de la République en Algérie, notamment en matière de défense, de sécurité et de maintien de l’ordre et en dernier ressort.

f) L’Exécutif provisoire sera chargé notamment:

– d’assurer la gestion des affaires publiques propres à l’Algérie. Il dirigera l’administration de l’Algérie et aura pour mission de faire accéder les Algériens aux emplois dans les différentes branches de cette administration;
– de maintenir l’ordre public. Il disposera, à cet effet, des services de police et d’une force d’ordre placée sous son autorité;
– de préparer et de mettre en œuvre l’autodétermination.

g) Le Tribunal de l’ordre public sera composé d’un nombre égal de juges européens et de juges musulmans.

h) Le plein exercice des libertés individuelles et des libertés publiques sera rétabli dans les plus brefs délais.

i) Le FLN, sera considéré comme une formation politique de caractère légal.

j) Les personnes internées tant en France qu’en Algérie seront libérées dans un délai maximum de vingt jours à compter du cessez-le-feu.

k) L’amnistie sera immédiatement proclamée. Les personnes détenues seront libérées.

l) Les personnes réfugiées à l’étranger pourront rentrer en Algérie. Des Commissions siégeant au Maroc et en Tunisie faciliteront ce retour.
Les personnes regroupées pourront rejoindre leur lieu de résidence habituel.
L’Exécutif provisoire prendra les premières mesures sociales, économiques et autres destinées à assurer le retour de ces populations à une vie normale.

m) Le scrutin d’autodétermination aura lieu dans une délai minimum de trois mois et dans un délai maximum de six mois. La date en sera fixée sur proposition de l’Exécutif provisoire dans les deux mois qui suivront l’installation de celui-ci.

CHAPITRE II

De l’indépendance et de la coopération
Si la solution d’indépendance et de coopération est adoptée,
Le contenu des présentes déclarations s’imposera à l’État algérien.

A) DE L’INDÉPENDANCE DE L’ALGÉRIE

I. – L’État algérien exercera sa souveraineté pleine et entière à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur.

Cette souveraineté s’exercera dans tous les domaines, notamment la défense nationale et les affaires étrangères.

L’État algérien se donnera librement ses propres institutions et choisira le régime politique et social qu’il jugera le plus conforme à ses intérêts.

Sur le plan international, il définira et appliquera en toute souveraineté la politique de son choix.

L’État algérien souscrira sans réserve à la Déclaration universelle des Droits de l’homme et fondera ses institutions sur les principes démocratiques et sur l’égalité des droits politiques entre tous les citoyens sans discrimination de race, d’origine ou de religion. Il appliquera, notamment, les garanties reconnues aux citoyens de statut civil français.

II – Des droits et libertés des personnes et de leurs garanties

Dispositions communes

Nul ne pourra faire l’objet de mesures de police ou de justice, de sanctions disciplinaires ou d’une discrimination quelconque en raison:

– d’opinions émises à l’occasion des événements survenus en Algérie avant le jour du scrutin d’autodétermination;
– d’actes commis à l’occasion des mêmes événements avant le jour de la proclamation du cessez-le-feu.
– Aucun Algérien ne pourra être contraint de quitter le territoire algérien ni empêché d’en sortir.

Dispositions concernant les citoyens français de statut civil de droit commun
(Les Pieds noirs)

a) Dans le cadre de la législation algérienne sur la nationalité, la situation légale des citoyens français de statut civil de droit commun est réglée selon les principes suivants.
Pour une période de trois années à dater du jour de l’autodétermination, les citoyens français de statut civil de droit commun:
– nés en Algérie et justifiant de dix années de résidence habituelle et régulière sur le territoire algérien au jour de l’autodétermination;
– ou justifiant de dix années de résidence habituelle et régulière sur le territoire algérien au jour de l’autodétermination et dont le père ou la mère né en Algérie remplit, ou aurait pu remplir, les conditions pour exercer les droits civiques;
– ou justifiant de vingt années de résidence habituelle et régulière sur le territoire algérien au jour de l’autodétermination, bénéficieront, de plein droit, des droits civiques algériens et seront considérés, de ce fait, comme des nationaux français exerçant les droits civiques algériens.
Les nationaux français exerçant les droits civiques algériens ne peuvent exercer simultanément les droits civiques français.
Au terme du délai de trois années susvisé, ils acquièrent la nationalité algérienne par une demande d’inscription ou de confirmation de leur inscription sur les listes électorales; à défaut de cette demande, ils sont admis au bénéfice de la convention d’établissement.

b) Afin d’assurer, pendant un délai de trois années, aux nationaux exerçant les droits civiques algériens et à l’issue de ce délai, de façon permanente, aux Algériens de statut civil français (Les Pieds Noirs), la protection de leur personne et de leurs biens, et leur participation régulière à la vie de l’Algérie, les mesures suivantes sont prévues :

Ils auront une juste et authentique participation aux affaires publiques.
Dans les assemblées, leur représentation devra correspondre à leur importance effective. Dans les diverses branches de la fonction publique, ils seront assurés d’une équitable participation.
Leur participation à la vie municipale à Alger et à Oran fera l’objet de dispositions particulières.
Leurs droits de propriété seront respectés. Aucune mesure de dépossession ne sera prise à leur encontre sans l’octroi d’une indemnité équitable préalablement fixée.

Ils recevront les garanties appropriées à leurs particularismes culturel, linguistique et religieux. Ils conserveront leur statut personnel qui sera respecté et appliqué par des juridictions algériennes comprenant des magistrats de même statut. Ils utiliseront la langue française au sein des assemblées et dans leurs rapports avec les Pouvoirs publics. Une association de sauvegarde contribuera à la protection des droits qui leur sont garantis. Une Cour des garanties, institution de droit interne algérien, sera chargée de veiller au respect de ces droits.

B) DE LA COOPÉRATION ENTRE LA FRANCE ET L’ALGÉRIE

Les relations entre les deux pays seront fondées, dans le respect mutuel de leur indépendance, sur la réciprocité des avantages et l’intérêt des deux parties.

L’Algérie garantit les intérêts de la France et les droits acquis des personnes physiques et morales dans les conditions fixées par les présentes déclarations. en contrepartie, la France accordera à l’Algérie son assistance technique et culturelle et apportera à son développement économique et social une aide financière privilégiée.

Pour une période de trois ans renouvelable, l’aide de la France sera fixée dans des conditions comparables et à un niveau équivalent à ceux des programmes en cours.

Dans le respect de l’indépendance commerciale et douanière de l’Algérie, les deux pays détermineront les différents domaines où les échanges commerciaux bénéficieront d’un régime préférentiel.
L’Algérie fera partie de la zone franc. Elle aura sa propre monnaie et ses propres avoirs en devises. Il y aura entre la France et l’Algérie liberté des transferts dans des conditions compatibles avec le développement économique et social de l’Algérie.

Dans les départements actuels des Oasis et de la Saoura, la mise en valeur des richesses du sous-sol aura lieu selon les principes suivants:

a) La coopération franco algérienne sera assurée par un organisme technique de coopération saharienne. Cet organisme aura un caractère paritaire.
Son rôle sera notamment de développer l’infrastructure nécessaire à l’exploitation du sous-sol, de donner un avis sur les projets de loi et de règlements à caractère minier, d’instruire les demandes relatives à l’octroi des titres miniers : l’État algérien délivrera les titres miniers et édictera la législation minière en toute souveraineté

b) Les intérêts français seront assurés notamment par:

– l’exercice, suivant les règles du code pétrolier saharien, tel qu’il existe actuellement, des droits attachés aux titres miniers délivrés par la France;
– la préférence, à égalité d’offre, aux sociétés françaises dans l’octroi de nouveaux permis miniers, selon les modalités prévues par la législation minière algérienne;
– le paiement en francs français des hydrocarbures sahariens à concurrence des besoins d’approvisionnement de la France et des autres pays de la zone franc.

La France et l’Algérie développeront leurs relations culturelles.

Chaque pays pourra créer sur le territoire de l’autre un office universitaire et culturel, dont les établissements seront ouverts à tous.

La France apportera son aide à la formation de techniciens algériens.

Des personnels français, notamment des enseignants et des techniciens, seront mis à la disposition du gouvernement algérien par accord entre les deux pays.

III. DU RÈGLEMENT DES QUESTIONS MILITAIRES

Si la solution d’indépendance de l’Algérie et de coopération entre l’Algérie et la France est adoptée, les questions militaires seront réglées selon les principes suivants :

– Les forces françaises, dont les effectifs auront été progressivement réduits à partir du cessez-le-feu, se retireront des frontières de l’Algérie au moment de l’accomplissement de l’autodétermination ; leurs effectifs seront ramenés, dans un délai de douze mois à compter de l’autodétermination, à quatre-vingt mille hommes ; le rapatriement de ces effectifs devra avoir été réalisé à l’expiration d’un second délai de vingt-quatre mois. Des installations militaires seront corrélativement dégagées ;

– L’Algérie concède à bail à la France l’utilisation de la base de Mers El-Kébir pour une période de quinze ans, renouvelable par accord entre les deux pays ;

– L’Algérie concède également à la France l’utilisation de certains aérodromes, terrains, sites et installations militaires qui lui sont nécessaires.

IV. DU RÈGLEMENT DES LITIGES

La France et l’Algérie résoudront les différends qui viendraient à surgir entre elles par des moyens de règlement pacifique. Elles auront recours soit à la conciliation, soit à l’arbitrage. A défaut d’accord sur ces procédures, chacun des deux États pourra saisir directement la Cour internationale de justice.

V. DES CONSÉQUENCES DE L’AUTODÉTERMINATION

Dès l’annonce officielle prévue à l’article 27 du règlement de l’autodétermination, les actes correspondant à ces résultats seront établis.

Si la solution d’indépendance et de coopération est adoptée

– l’indépendance de l’Algérie sera immédiatement reconnue par la France

– les transferts de compétence seront aussitôt réalisés ;

– les règles énoncées par la présente déclaration générale et les déclarations jointes entreront en même temps en vigueur.

Algerie: 50 ans d’indépendance…

March 18, 2012 7 comments

A while ago, on this blog, i wrote a post titled “Algeria: 49 years of independence and nothing to show for“. Well, it’s no longer 49 years, but 50, and we still have nothing to show for. And when you don’t advance and progress, you are bound to regress. This is exactly what is happening in Algeria: a steady regression for 50 years now. Not to belabor the point of regression since my opinion is well-known to the readers of this blog, i think i am just going to let others speak for me.

Since this month is the 50th anniversary of the Evian Accords (here is a link for the original text of the accords–voici un lien pour le text intégral des accords), and to mark this occasion, the French newspaper, Liberation, asked two Algerian writers to pen to editorials analyzing the current situation in Algeria.  These are writers are Kamel Daoud and Leila Sebbar. The former is a journalist who writes for Le Quotidien d’Oran, and the latter is a writers who lives in Paris.  Well, what they say, describe, feel, and analyze is just damning. Well, i should just get out of your way, and let you read these 2 editorials.

Algérie : stade oral collectif

Par KAMEL DAOUD Ecrivain et journaliste au «Quotidien d’Oran»

Quel est le but de l’histoire algérienne ? Quand il y a un colon, le but, c’est chasser le colon. Mais quand il n’y en a pas ? Que faire quand on a bouté hors du pays le Français, l’Ottoman, l’Espagnol, le Romain ? Chasser l’Arabe aussi, disent certains. D’accord, sauf qu’il a été plus malin : l’«Arabe» se fond dans le décor au point où on ne sait pas le distinguer des autochtones. Meursault l’a tué, mais c’est Albert Camus qui en est mort. L’Arabe générique se cache dans les mentalités, les livres, il colonise encore, mais on n’arrive pas à le situer pour mieux le chasser. Et le pire, c’est quand des colonisés algériens se prennent pour le colon arabe d’il y a des siècles et revendiquent l’arabité comme une nationalité alors que c’est un mariage forcé.

Donc que fait un peuple lorsqu’il a son indépendance généralement ? Généralement, il construit : routes, logements, hôpitaux, enfants, robinets, etc. Tout ce que le colon lui a refusé. C’est ce qu’on a commencé par faire, les premières années, avant de s’en désintéresser : les Algériens ne construisent plus, aujourd’hui, que pour eux-mêmes, à l’échelle familiale. Pour le reste, c’est l’Etat qui s’en occupe, c’est-à-dire personne. Après deux ou trois décennies, on a compris qu’on ne sait pas construire et creuser et nettoyer et gérer. Du coup, on sous-traite l’indépendance : les Américains s’occupent du pétrole, les Français de l’eau, les Chinois des habitations et des chaussures, les Turcs du ciment, les Espagnols du transport ou des trous, etc. Nous sommes un peuple de vétérans de guerre. De plus en plus. Grand lutteur reconnu internationalement, le peuple algérien se devait d’être débarrassé des corvées domestiques (construire un pays) pour s’occuper de ce qu’il aime le plus : faire la guerre. On l’a fait tellement bien que, lorsqu’on a chassé le dernier colon en date, on n’a pas résisté à la possibilité de s’entretuer. 200 000 morts en une décennie. Presque 55 morts par jour. L’Algérien n’a jamais construit 55 logements par jour. Ni 55 barrages ni 55 mètres de route.

Le second sport consiste à se battre contre la France. Même quand elle n’est pas là. Se battre avec elle, chez elle, chez nous, au passé, au présent, après-demain, dans les cimetières et les airs. Pendant les débats, sur la tête d’un harki, de son fils ou le dos d’un mot et d’une stèle. Cela n’empêchera pas un Gulliver politologue, capable d’enjamber les océans, de se demander, en passant son chemin au-dessus de la fourmilière : «Que fait ce peuple dans la division internationale du travail ?» Quel est son métier ? Que va-t-il faire quand les Chinois et les autres nationalités importées auront tout construit, livré, achevé et pompé ? Qu’est-ce qui reste de valable dans cet endroit quand on enlève le pétrole et les martyrs et qu’on met en mode silencieux l’hymne national ? D’ailleurs, la bonne question est : «Qu’est-ce qu’une nationalité quand elle ne mange rien de national qu’elle-même ?» D’où l’histoire lue par le chroniqueur il y a quelques jours dans un journal arabophone algérien : l’histoire de Ali le Mordeur.

Fascinante histoire nationale, qui commence avec la guerre de Libération et finit dans une morsure. Le chroniqueur adore d’ailleurs les paraboles : ce sont les SMS des dieux depuis toujours. Donc, Ali le Mordeur, Algérien de 70 ans à peu près, est différent de Ali la Pointe. Le second est un jeune proxénète qui a basculé dans la lutte pour la Libération de l’Algérie et a fini héros national durant la fameuse bataille d’Alger en 1957. Il sera «plastiqué» dans sa cache du vieux quartier de la Casbah d’Alger. Il était beau, maquereau, avec des tatouages sur le corps selon la légende. «Zoubida Cheda Fellah» (1) sur la main gauche, «Marche ou crève» sur le pectoral gauche et «Tais-toi» sur le dessus du pied droit.

Selon la légende, Ali la Pointe doit son surnom au nom d’un quartier algérois, autrefois Haut-de-Pointe-Pescade, aujourd’hui nommé Bouzaréah. De Ali la Pointe qui a vécu vingt-sept ans, il resta un film, la Bataille d’Alger de Gillo Pontecorvo (1966, un succès mondial), un quartier – la Casbah – et pas plus. Car les décolonisateurs sont devenus méchants et éternels, l’indépendance est une assiette, le peuple est retombé dans le statut de «sale Arabe» et les fellagha sont des jihadistes du GSPC (2). Cap donc sur la seconde histoire nationale.

Ali le Mordeur est donc plus vieux à cause de la bonne santé et de l’immortalité qu’assurent le pétrole et l’oisiveté aux Algériens. Selon le journal qui en rapporte l’histoire, Ali le Mordeur a découvert un jour qu’il possède cinq dents miraculeuses (cinq incisives contrairement au reste de l’humanité selon les témoins) qui lui ont permis de guérir son frère, qui souffrait de rhumatismes, en le mordant et en lui crachant dessus. Cela s’est passé en 1965. Aujourd’hui, Ali est vieux et s’est installé depuis quarante ans à Biskra, une ville du Sud algérien, et mord des dizaines de personnes par jour en salivant sur leurs maux : celles souffrant du dos, de sciatique, de rhumatismes, des articulations. Il en est heureux et ses clients aussi qui gémissent quand il les mord pour leur bien et les enduit de sa salive dite miraculeuse. Ceci pour la fable. Pour l’anthropologue, Ali est ce qui lie donc, désormais, le plus les Algériens les uns aux autres : la morsure. Dévorante ou miraculeuse.

Depuis «00 h 1962», heure zéro de l’Indépendance, le peuple mord et mange. Cela se voit dans l’architecture des cités barils (3) rampant sur les champs, les trottoirs squattés par les vendeurs à la sauvette (des Bouazizi sans martyr ni envie de l’être), aux déboisements, à l’avancée du désert, le dépeuplement intime. Les Algériens ont, en effet, un rapport carnivore à leur terre : elle se dévore. «Ils l’ont mangée» (K’law’ha), disent les Algériens nés trop tard quand ils regardent les anciens, les décolonisateurs, les plus rapides. Les aînés et leurs officiers gardiens qui s’en servent comme des reliques de légitimité dite révolutionnaire. Le mot vaut aussi pour un nombre incalculable de conjugaisons et de synonymes envieux et tristes : manger quelqu’un, une terre, contourner, éroder, inviter, se disputer, corrompre. Le registre qui va de la mâchoire à la déglutition est un dictionnaire de cannibale maître d’une académie de la saveur.

Le rêve littéraire du chroniqueur : écrire un grand traité de la digestion. Une sorte de livre culinaire qui mêle l’arôme à la métaphysique, la cuillère et les divinités. Le cru et le cuit. Selon certains, le livre de cuisine a été l’ouvrage le plus vendu durant le dernier Salon du livre à Alger. Les Algériens y trouvent une sorte de manuel compensatoire du cannibalisme national peut-être. Conclusion tirée par les cheveux ? Non. L’histoire algérienne est une troublante histoire de dévorations. On mange avec tout : les yeux, les mains, les pieds et la langue. Cet instinct de dévoration a eu différents noms : bien vacant, pénurie, agences foncières, lot de terrain, terrorisme et antiterrorisme, redressement entre factions.

Même pour l’immigration clandestine, les harraga [clandestins] utilisent une métaphore de dévoration : «Vaut mieux être mangé par les poissons que par les vers.» Quand un Algérien est vaincu, on dit : «Ils l’ont mangé.» Quand il recourt à la corruption, on dit : «Il a fait manger.» Cet usage de la métaphore est universel mais selon des proportions. Pas ici, en Algérie, chez nous. Il y a dans les airs un rapport de force, un système de contraintes et de chasse qui a laissé dans la culture générale cette sensation que tout se passe entre la mâchoire et l’assiette. Freud aurait appelé ça le stade oral collectif : une phase de développement du nourrisson gigantesque qui en est encore à la dévoration du sein et à la déglutition du lait pétrolier. Définition parfaite de l’économie nationale de l’allaitement et du sevrage. D’où le succès du livre de cuisine dans un pays qui ne produit pas ce qu’il mange : confession sur une sorte de panique généralisée qui trouve son expression dans le basculement dans le culinaire et l’assaisonnement sans fin.

On pourra dire aussi que les Algériens cherchent une identité : dans l’assiette, le vêtement ou la création linguistique, mais cela serait trop beau que de limiter le diagnostic à une esthétique. Il s’agit d’autre chose. Une autre preuve ? Le ramadan. Nous sommes le seul peuple qui vit et revit ce mois dans une sorte de panique généralisée, de peur, de violence dans la quête et l’achat.

Conclusion provisoire : il faut sonder cet instinct, ce comportement qui a peur de la dévoration en se défendant par une dévoration plus vigoureuse. Qu’est-ce que l’histoire nationale ? Un repas pour tous, servi après l’indépendance mais mal servi. Le cosmos ? Une figue sidérale à conquérir. Le paradis ? Un resto universitaire. La guerre de libération ? Une dévoration entre intestins. Le pouvoir ? Une mâchoire. La réflexion ? Une mastication prospective. C’est sans fin. De quoi faire rêver un écrivain qui irait se cacher dans une grotte pour écrire une sorte de prolégomènes de la dévoration. Une introduction à la digestion comme fondement et représentation de l’univers. Un traité majeur qui ira sonder, dans le plus profond mystère, cette attitude de l’Algérien qui a érigé le rassasiement comme meilleure réponse contre la peur d’exister et le vide du cosmos.

L’histoire nationale est donc carnivore : Ali la Pointe était le dernier de sa race, pas le premier. Aujourd’hui, il est normal que la génétique nationale enfante Ali le Mordeur.

(1) Littéralement : «Zoubida, Dieu nous soutient». (2) Groupe salafiste pour la prédication et le combat (1998-2007), la matrice d’Aqmi (Al-Qaeda au Maghreb islamique). (3) Cités nouvelles, construites en masse avec l’argent du pétrole, pour reloger les Algériens. Dernier ouvrage paru : «Le Minotaure 504», éd. Sabine Wespieser, 2011.

Lodève Aflou Lodève, le bruit des métiers à tisser

Par LEÏLA SEBBAR Ecrivaine

Jusqu’à ce jour, je n’ai pas quitté Lodève.

Et je reviens à Aflou (1) où je suis née. Aflou, djebel Amour, les Hauts-Plateaux, la steppe et l’alfa, les moutons. Koubbas des saints musulmans sur les collines.

C’était la guerre.

Les femmes de la tribu avaient quitté la tente pour nos maisons pauvres du quartier pauvre d’Aflou, le Village Nègre. Je me souviens de ma grand-mère et des vieilles tantes, dans la pièce du métier à tisser. Elles récitaient des formules contre le mauvais œil, elles chantaient en tissant, les hommes n’entraient pas dans la chambre du métier.

Je marche dans la ville. Aflou n’était pas une ville, c’est une ville. Les nomades se sont réfugiés dans les murs des maisons construites à la hâte, ils fuyaient les massacres de la guerre civile, à Lodève, on entendait parler des attaques contre les membres de la tribu, on entendait le nom des morts, on racontait que des corps gisaient dans la steppe, sans sépulture. J’avais entendu de ces histoires rapportées à demi-mot, on ne parlait pas devant les enfants, mais ils savaient tout et ce qui se passait dans le camp militaire, le Village Nègre ne l’ignorait pas.

J’ai marché dans la ville. Comment savoir depuis toutes ces années, sans nouvelles d’elles, Khédija, Kheiza, Messaouda, Fatima, Aouali, mes amies écolières, comment savoir si elles sont vivantes, si elles habitent Aflou, leur vie, leur mort.

Je peux, à cette minute où je reconnais le bordj, il était rouge brun, le sous-préfet et sa famille vivaient là, je voyais parfois le fils, un enfant blond, son fennec serré contre lui dans la jeep militaire, je peux chanter la comptine de la cour de récréation :

«Le matin quand je me lève

Je dis à mon mari

Qu’il me lave la vaisselle

Et moi je fais

Je fais le lit» (2).

Un soldat français avait frappé à la porte de notre maison. Mon père était absent, comme souvent. Je le voyais si peu, mon grand-père a ouvert. Le soldat est entré, il n’était pas armé. L’interprète et lui se sont assis sur le tapis de haute laine. Ma mère a servi le café. Ils ont parlé longtemps, en français et en arabe. Le soldat est revenu trois fois avec l’interprète. Mon père a dit oui, pour l’école. Je me demande, aujourd’hui, s’il n’a pas été contraint. J’ignorais, jusqu’au grand départ, dans les larmes et les cris, que mon père était un harki. Avant ce jour fatal, j’avais entendu des chuchotements bizarres, ma mère et ma grand-mère cessaient de parler lorsque j’entrais dans la chambre du tissage. Je n’ai pas posé de questions mais j’ai entendu plusieurs fois le mot France prononcé dans un tremblement.

La France, je l’ai regardée sur la carte accrochée près du tableau. Une forme étrange. Des couleurs, du vert, beaucoup de vert, pas de steppe ni de désert et des fils bleus partout, fleuves et rivières jusqu’à la mer. Le maître suivait le cours des fleuves avec un long bâton, on répétait des noms inconnus, je les trouvais beaux.

Le premier jour d’école, c’était une école de filles construite par le soldat et des appelés comme lui, j’ai su plus tard que les Arabes qui les aidaient étaient des «suspects», ce premier jour, je tenais la main de ma voisine du Village Nègre, Aouali, j’ai reconnu le soldat, il faisait l’instituteur. On l’appelait gentiment Boulahya, le «barbu» (le barbu de la guerre civile, on l’a surnommé Chadi, le «singe»). Trois jeunes filles secondaient le maître, des juives qui parlaient l’arabe comme nous. L’une d’elles était la fille du grand épicier d’Aflou, Layani. Elles nous ont donné des blouses roses et blanches à carreaux et dans l’ouvroir, chacune a brodé son nom en lettres françaises. Le maître a pris des photos. Où sont-elles. Peut-être un jour, surprise sur Facebook… Mes fils sont fous de tout ça. Ils me diront : «Maman, viens voir, c’est Aflou et toi, là, en écolière…».

Quand nous sommes arrivés en France, oui, c’était la France, le paysage, je ne l’ai pas vu, je n’ai rien regardé, je savais lire, écrire, compter, broder. Je ne raconterai pas le voyage depuis Aflou jusqu’à Oran, puis la traversée. J’étais comme étourdie par le malheur. Autour de moi, le silence. Les enfants eux-mêmes se taisaient. On avait tout abandonné, j’avais dû laisser la jolie poupée française que l’une des monitrices, elle s’appelait, je crois, Kohana, m’avait donnée, elle m’avait dit : «Elle s’appelle Violette.» Le métier à tisser, mes vieilles tantes l’ont gardé, elles ont continué à faire des tapis du djebel Amour. Ma mère aussi, à Lodève. Mon père a acheté pour elle un métier à tisser. Il est allé à la Manufacture de la ville, comme d’autres harkis, ils pensaient à leurs femmes tisserandes. On les a embauchées, elles ont travaillé pour la Manufacture des Gobelins.

Je marche toujours dans la ville.

Des femmes voilées, des femmes qui portent le hijeb. Comment reconnaître Khédija, Kheiza, Messaouda, Fatima, Aouali. Je ne suis pas voilée. Cinquante années plus tard, quelqu’un dira, venant vers moi : «Mais c’est Fatna ! Fatna… C’est toi ? Fatna dis-moi que c’est toi…». Et moi : «Oui, tu vois, je suis Fatna et toi Aouali, malgré le hijeb, je te reconnais». On s’embrassera, on s’enlacera, on pleurera. Des enfants crieront, courant vers notre quartier de l’autre côté de l’oued, que les vieux appellent encore le Village Nègre. «C’est Fatna ! C’est Fatna ! Venez voir, elle est revenue ! Dieu soit loué». Et Aouali me dira : «Viens à la maison, viens. Elles sont là, nos camarades sont là, les enfants vont aller les chercher, sauf Khédija, la pauvre, meskina, chaque vendredi on prie sur sa tombe, avec ses enfants. Tu viendras avec nous ?». J’ai dit que j’irais aussi pour mes vieilles tantes, les conteuses.

J’ai dit à mes amies que je reviendrais. Je les ai invitées dans ma maison, à Lodève, elles sont les bienvenues. Je leur ai promis que nous irions à Paris, visiter la Manufacture des Gobelins où travaille l’une de mes filles jumelles. Elle est tisserande. L’autre est comédienne.

(1) Ndlr : la plupart des harkis qui vivaient à Lodève (Hérault) étaient originaires d’Aflou, ville où les femmes étaient traditionnellement tisserandes. (2) «Aflou, djebel Amour», journal d’un appelé (1961-1962) de Jean-Claude Gueneau, éd. Bleu autour. Derniers ouvrages parus : «La confession d’un fou», 2011. «Ecrivain public», 2012, éd. Bleu autour.

France: Après “Nicolas Le Pen” du Wall Street Journal, voici “Sarkozy sur la route de la bassesse” du New York Times.

March 16, 2012 3 comments

In less than 2 days, Nicolas Sarkozy performed a miracle; he brought the editorial page of The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal together. Something that we have not seen in a while and we are not about to see any time soon. Indeed, the WSJ editorial page, a bastion of the right and conservatism, has rarely agreed on anything with the editorial page of the NYTimes. Well, Sarkozy’s  awfully xenophobic campaign was something that the American left and right agreed to disagree with. Ugly, xenophobic, desperate, racist, radical, divisive, anti-Muslim, frivolous and so on are only a few adjectives used by the NYTimes and the WSJournal editorialists to describe Sarkozy’s campaign. These are journalists and columnists who are used to the rough and tumble American style of politics, and yet they stand bewildered by what Sarkozy and his team have been doing and saying during this campaign.

The New York Times

March 14, 2012

Mr. Sarkozy on the Low Road

President Nicolas Sarkozy’s re-election campaign in France is getting a little desperate, and more than a little ugly. Although new polls show him the likely top vote-getter in next month’s first-round voting, they also show him running well behind François Hollande of the Socialist Party in the decisive May runoff. To try and close that gap, Mr. Sarkozy has been fishing for far-right voters by assailing foreign immigrants, foreign imports and even the dietary laws of French Muslims.

Mr. Sarkozy may think it is smart politics to pander to racism and xenophobia. He has done it before. And, sadly, his harsh new tone has given him a quick boost in the polls. But it is damaging to French society. And it may prove a mixed political blessing in May. Many French voters already think that he lacks presidential dignity.

Times are tough in France, but Mr. Sarkozy could have run a more elevated campaign. He has domestic achievements (pension reform) and international achievements (Libya). His main opponent, Mr. Hollande, has vague ideas and unrealistic economic proposals.

Instead, Mr. Sarkozy has chosen the low road. At a packed rally on Sunday, he attacked European Union trade rules, which he said had opened French markets to “savage” competition, and called for a protectionist “buy European” rule for public spending that would raise costs and invite retaliation. He also threatened to suspend French participation in Europe’s 25-nation open border agreement unless others did more to keep illegal immigrants and refugees out of Europe. A few days earlier, he had attacked legal immigration, promising a 50 percent cut in admissions for family reunification.

In a particularly vile gambit from a man who already brags about banning the burqa in public and Muslim-style street prayer, Mr. Sarkozy now pledges to protect French consumers from unknowingly eating halal meat, slaughtered in accordance with Muslim dietary codes. He called for legislation requiring all meat labels to note the slaughtering methods used. This proposal originally came from Marine Le Pen, the presidential candidate of the unabashedly xenophobic National Front. Mr. Sarkozy first rightly called it frivolous. Then he adopted it.

Five million to six million Muslims now live in France, almost a tenth of the total population. It is cruel to keep family members from joining them and cruel and destructive to subject their religion to mockery. Ms. Le Pen is currently running third in the polls. Regrettably, Mr. Sarkozy has no problem being frivolous or cruel if it means he can peel away some of her voters.

France: Le second souffle de la campagne de Hollande

March 15, 2012 1 comment

Since the rally of the Bourget, Hollande’s campaign has slowed down a bit. This is normal. A presidential electoral campaign is long and has a life of its own punctuated by a certain rhythm. No one can wage an earth-scorching, barn-burning, flag-waving, walls-shaking nonstop campaign. The base would tire and the media would lose interest. So, it is important to have peaks and valleys in a campaign; even more accurately, it is important to chose when to slow down, when to peak, and when to crush the gas pedal to finish the campaign at the top.

However, with the chaotic entrance of Sarkozy in the campaign and his one-announcement-per-day blitzkrieg style and his omnipresence in the media, Hollande was compelled to regain the momentum by increasing not only the rhythm of his campaign, but also by infusing a dose of enthusiasm in his base to foster a greater of mobilization for the first round. This is exactly what Hollande has done this week so far. He started the week by announcing an important endorsement of a serious and highly respected politician–Jean-Pierre Chevènement–and then by holding an important rally in Marseille where he delivered a new stump speech–a sharper stump speech aimed at mobilizing the base and at attacking Sarkozy’s record as well as his numerous, inflammatory, and contradictory campaign promises.

The most important sentence delivered by Hollande in his speech is this: “Pourquoi voulez-vous qu’il fasse dans les cinq prochaine années ce qu’il n’a pas été capable de faire les cinq dernières années?” Hollande here is borrowing from Ronald Reagan who in his closing statement in  the last presidential debate that opposed him to the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter, delivered a knockout punch by asking the following: “Are you better off than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the store than four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment than there was four years ago?” Reagan’s rhetorical questions pierced Carter’s presidency, highlighted the failures of his tenure, tightly linked the incumbent to his record, and helped Reagan to draw a sharp contrast between his vision for the future and Carter’s record.

Here is the closing statement of Ronald Reagan in the 1980 second presidential debate

I think Hollande has just regained the momentum again and i will predict that we will see a slight bump in his numbers in the next couple of weeks. Briefly stated, i think the real campaign has just started, and the next 5 weeks will be a mad dash to the finish line.

Here is the speech delivered March 14 at Marseille.

France: “Nicolas Le Pen”

March 15, 2012 Leave a comment

Yesterday, in the editorial pages of the Wall Street Journal, i read one of the most damning Op-Ed pieces that i have ever read about a politician. The Wall Street Journal, which can hardly be accused of sympathizing with the left or described as a bastion of liberalism, especially its editorial pages, literally indicted Nicolas Sarkozy as an extreme right candidate. Their reasons? Well, Sarkozy has gone so far to the right in his rhetoric that he is no longer a representative of the mainstream right, but a representative of the radical right. According to the WSJ, Sarkozy can no longer be distinguished from Marine or Jean Marie Le Pen.

Instead of summarizing the editorial piece, i let you read it and make up your mind.

The Wall Street Journal

  • REVIEW & OUTLOOK EUROPE
  • March 13, 2012

Nicolas Le Pen

Even by local standards, the French President’s recent burst of xenophobia is pretty cynical.

French President Nicolas Sarkozy has ramped up the anti-immigrant rhetoric in recent days, telling a TV audience last week that France has “too many foreigners” and offering to cut the number of immigrants admitted to France by half should he be re-elected to a second term. Then on Sunday, before a monster rally in a stadium near Paris, he threatened to suspend France’s participation in Schengen, Europe’s internal borderless-travel zone, unless it is reformed to better keep out the great unwashed.

Even in France, it rarely gets more cynical than this. The attacks on immigration are an attempt to woo supporters of Marine Le Pen’s xenophobic National Front ahead of the first-round poll on April 22. Mr. Sarkozy trails his Socialist rival, Francois Hollande, 29% to 27%, according to a recent poll for Paris Match magazine. Ms. Le Pen comes in third at 17%. Little wonder that’s where the Sarkozy camp is now mining for votes.

0113sarkozy

Associated PressFrench President Nicolas Sarkozy

Still, the immigration talk is mainly a cover for French anxiety over their increasingly rickety welfare state. Mr. Hollande’s answer for keeping the system afloat is a 75% top marginal income-tax rate, which may do something for emigration but won’t do anything to improve France’s budgetary health. Mr. Sarkozy, by contrast, argues that “at a time of economic crisis, if Europe doesn’t control who can enter its borders, it won’t be able to finance its welfare state any longer.”

This is an ugly thought, not only for the ugly sentiments on which it plays but also as a textbook example of economic illiteracy. Not least among the threats to France’s welfare state is an aging (and increasingly long-lived) population and a birth rate that—while the highest in Europe—is still below the replacement rate. Barring fundamental cultural changes, only immigration can maintain an active work force large enough to pay for the growing rolls of pensioners and dependents.

The real task for the French government is to ensure that those immigrants are assimilating properly, and to create economic conditions in which they can thrive with the rest of France. Mr. Sarkozy no doubt understands that. But we wonder if Mr. Sarkozy also understands that transparent displays of cynicism like this one have brought him to his current political predicament.

Europe: Le terrible échec de la politique d’austérité économique

February 21, 2012 4 comments

For months, I have been arguing that economic austerity in time of severe economic downturn is highly counter-productive. The last thing the economy of a country needs when a country is going through a recessionary cycle (or experiencing a contraction of its economic activities like in many European countries) is a drastic reduction of public spending. The reason for that is very simple: when the economy is in a recessionary cycle, an influx of spending (even deficit spending) is a must to boost and trigger economic growth, consumption, create jobs, and restart the economic engines against. Once those economic engines are restarted, then an increase in taxes (on the highest brackets) and progressive cuts in spending (spending in non-economic growth sectors) can be established again. Cutting spending when spending is needed the most is like depriving a patient of a blood transfusion when that patient is heavily hemorrhaging from every orifice, which would ultimately lead to the death of the patient.

Well, European countries of the eurozone such as France, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and i add to them the U.K (I am not even going to talk about Greece in this post. My position on Greece has been clearly stated in previous posts here and specially here) have been engaged in drastic  reductions of their public spending since the beginning of this crisis. These are the infamous austerity policy packages that most eurozone countries (and the U.K) have put in place to calm down financial markets. The result is an economic growth close to zero in almost all the eurozone (and the U.K). The economic forecast for 2013 and 2014 if the same policies are followed is even worse–i.e., an economic growth around 0% leading to a long lasting recession, high unemployment, and even higher public deficits. These countries fundamentally misunderstood the demands of the financial markets. What markets (across the globe) have demanded since the beginning of the euroze crisis is not an immediate and a drastic reduction of public deficits, but credible plans and policies for generating positive economic growth again. Most markets have already factored in and digested the fact that the eurozone countries have high deficits and those deficits won’t be reduced anytime soon, and the debt won’t be repaid in the foreseeable future. There is nothing that can be done about that in the short-term, and worrying about balancing budgets and cutting spending during a recession is an economic suicide.

This fundamental misunderstanding of the crisis led most European political leaders (best example of this misguided strategy is David Cameron and Nicolas Sarkozy) to engage in crafting crazy austerity packages to reduce the yield on government bonds and securities (which means in everyday language, borrowing money at a lower interest rate). And in doing so, these political leaders sacrificed long-term economic growth for short-term financial gain and an ephemeral stability. At the end, they pretty much got nothing (most eurozone countries lost their triple-A rating–except Germany–and most eurozone banks are in a bad financial situation). This strategy would only lead to the deepening of the economic downturn on the short-term, and turning it into a long-term economic stagnation.

This is what has been happening in the eurozone countries (and England), and the data recently released by the IMF, OECD, and the Government Growth & Development Center illustrate  that clearly. Countries engaged in cutting spending (what i call slash-and-burn-economics) and austerity policies are performing worse than countries that did not. In fact, the data show that countries that adopted austerity packages have worsened their economic situation.

For a better understanding of this, i yield the floor to Dr. Paul Krugman, Professor of Economics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics, and winner of the  Nobel Prize in Economics (aka Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences) for his work on New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography. Since the beginning of the crisis, Dr. Krugman has been writing a series of articles in the New Times explaining the origin(s) of the crisis and advocating for the soundest way of getting out of it. Needless to say that Dr. Krugman has been right on almost everything he has said.

January 22, 2012

Is Our Economy Healing?

By

How goes the state of the union? Well, the state of the economy remains terrible. Three years after President Obama’s inauguration and two and a half years since the official end of the recession, unemployment remains painfully high.

But there are reasons to think that we’re finally on the (slow) road to better times. And we wouldn’t be on that road if Mr. Obama had given in to Republican demands that he slash spending, or the Federal Reserve had given in to Republican demands that it tighten money.

Why am I letting a bit of optimism break through the clouds? Recent economic data have been a bit better, but we’ve already had several false dawns on that front. More important, there’s evidence that the two great problems at the root of our slump — the housing bust and excessive private debt — are finally easing.

On housing: as everyone now knows (but oh, the abuse heaped on anyone pointing it out while it was happening!), we had a monstrous housing bubble between 2000 and 2006. Home prices soared, and there was clearly a lot of overbuilding. When the bubble burst, construction — which had been the economy’s main driver during the alleged “Bush boom” — plunged.

But the bubble began deflating almost six years ago; house prices are back to 2003 levels. And after a protracted slump in housing starts, America now looks seriously underprovided with houses, at least by historical standards.

So why aren’t people going out and buying? Because the depressed state of the economy leaves many people who would normally be buying homes either unable to afford them or too worried about job prospects to take the risk.

But the economy is depressed, in large part, because of the housing bust, which immediately suggests the possibility of a virtuous circle: an improving economy leads to a surge in home purchases, which leads to more construction, which strengthens the economy further, and so on. And if you squint hard at recent data, it looks as if something like that may be starting: home sales are up, unemployment claims are down, and builders’ confidence is rising.

Furthermore, the chances for a virtuous circle have been rising, because we’ve made significant progress on the debt front.

That’s not what you hear in public debate, of course, where all the focus is on rising government debt. But anyone who has looked seriously at how we got into this slump knows that private debt, especially household debt, was the real culprit: it was the explosion of household debt during the Bush years that set the stage for the crisis. And the good news is that this private debt has declined in dollar terms, and declined substantially as a percentage of G.D.P., since the end of 2008.

There are, of course, still big risks — above all, the risk that trouble in Europe could derail our own incipient recovery. And thereby hangs a tale — a tale told by a recent report from the McKinsey Global Institute.

The report tracks progress on “deleveraging,” the process of bringing down excessive debt levels. It documents substantial progress in the United States, which it contrasts with failure to make progress in Europe. And while the report doesn’t say this explicitly, it’s pretty clear why Europe is doing worse than we are: it’s because European policy makers have been afraid of the wrong things.

In particular, the European Central Bank has been worrying about inflation — even raising interest rates during 2011, only to reverse course later in the year — rather than worrying about how to sustain economic recovery. And fiscal austerity, which is supposed to limit the increase in government debt, has depressed the economy, making it impossible to achieve urgently needed reductions in private debt. The end result is that for all their moralizing about the evils of borrowing, the Europeans aren’t making any progress against excessive debt — whereas we are.

Back to the U.S. situation: my guarded optimism should not be taken as a statement that all is well. We have already suffered enormous, unnecessary damage because of an inadequate response to the slump. We have failed to provide significant mortgage relief, which could have moved us much more quickly to lower debt. And even if my hoped-for virtuous circle is getting under way, it will be years before we get to anything resembling full employment.

But things could have been worse; they would have been worse if we had followed the policies demanded by Mr. Obama’s opponents. For as I said at the beginning, Republicans have been demanding that the Fed stop trying to bring down interest rates and that federal spending be slashed immediately — which amounts to demanding that we emulate Europe’s failure.

And if this year’s election brings the wrong ideology to power, America’s nascent recovery might well be snuffed out.

January 26, 2012, 11:04 am

The Greater Depression

One thing everyone always says is that while this Lesser Depression may be bad, it’s nothing like the Great Depression.

But this is in part an America-centered view: we had a very bad Great Depression, and have done better than many other countries this time around. As Jonathan Portes at Not the Treasury View points out, the ongoing slump in Britain is now longer and deeper than the slump in the 1930s (the figure shows how far real GDP was below its previous peak in various British recessions; the red line is 1930-34, the black line the current slump):

I believe that when I began criticizing the Cameron government’s push for austerity, some right-leaning British papers demanded that I shut up. But the original critique of austerity is holding up pretty well, if you ask me.

January 28, 2012, 1:47 pm

The Worse-than Club

Further thoughts on the observation that the current British slump has now gone on longer than the slump of the 1930s. Is Britain unique?

No, it isn’t.

The NIESR has developed a monthly GDP series for Britain, which lets it use real-time data for the comparison. I can’t replicate that, but I can use the Maddison historical data and IMF data — including projections for 2012 and 2013 — to do some comparisons. When you do this for the UK, the worse-than pops right out (I use annual data; year zero is 1929 or 2007, and real GDP is expressed as a percentage of the pre-crisis peak in each case):

France and Germany are doing much better than in the early 1930s — but then France and Germany had terrible, deflationist policies in the early 1930s. (It was the Brüning deflation, not the Weimar inflation, that brought you-know-who to power).

With two of Europe’s big four economies doing worse than they did in the Great Depression, at least in terms of GDP — and that’s three of five if you count Spain — do you think the austerity advocates might consider that maybe, possibly, they’re on the wrong track?

January 29, 2012

The Austerity Debacle

By

Last week the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, a British think tank, released a startling chart comparing the current slump with past recessions and recoveries. It turns out that by one important measure — changes in real G.D.P. since the recession began — Britain is doing worse this time than it did during the Great Depression. Four years into the Depression, British G.D.P. had regained its previous peak; four years after the Great Recession began, Britain is nowhere close to regaining its lost ground.

Nor is Britain unique. Italy is also doing worse than it did in the 1930s — and with Spain clearly headed for a double-dip recession, that makes three of Europe’s big five economies members of the worse-than club. Yes, there are some caveats and complications. But this nonetheless represents a stunning failure of policy.

And it’s a failure, in particular, of the austerity doctrine that has dominated elite policy discussion both in Europe and, to a large extent, in the United States for the past two years.

O.K., about those caveats: On one side, British unemployment was much higher in the 1930s than it is now, because the British economy was depressed — mainly thanks to an ill-advised return to the gold standard — even before the Depression struck. On the other side, Britain had a notably mild Depression compared with the United States.

Even so, surpassing the track record of the 1930s shouldn’t be a tough challenge. Haven’t we learned a lot about economic management over the last 80 years? Yes, we have — but in Britain and elsewhere, the policy elite decided to throw that hard-won knowledge out the window, and rely on ideologically convenient wishful thinking instead.

Britain, in particular, was supposed to be a showcase for “expansionary austerity,” the notion that instead of increasing government spending to fight recessions, you should slash spending instead — and that this would lead to faster economic growth. “Those who argue that dealing with our deficit and promoting growth are somehow alternatives are wrong,” declared David Cameron, Britain’s prime minister. “You cannot put off the first in order to promote the second.”

How could the economy thrive when unemployment was already high, and government policies were directly reducing employment even further? Confidence! “I firmly believe,” declared Jean-Claude Trichet — at the time the president of the European Central Bank, and a strong advocate of the doctrine of expansionary austerity — “that in the current circumstances confidence-inspiring policies will foster and not hamper economic recovery, because confidence is the key factor today.”

Such invocations of the confidence fairy were never plausible; researchers at the International Monetary Fund and elsewhere quickly debunked the supposed evidence that spending cuts create jobs. Yet influential people on both sides of the Atlantic heaped praise on the prophets of austerity, Mr. Cameron in particular, because the doctrine of expansionary austerity dovetailed with their ideological agendas.

Thus in October 2010 David Broder, who virtually embodied conventional wisdom, praised Mr. Cameron for his boldness, and in particular for “brushing aside the warnings of economists that the sudden, severe medicine could cut short Britain’s economic recovery and throw the nation back into recession.” He then called on President Obama to “do a Cameron” and pursue “a radical rollback of the welfare state now.”

Strange to say, however, those warnings from economists proved all too accurate. And we’re quite fortunate that Mr. Obama did not, in fact, do a Cameron.

Which is not to say that all is well with U.S. policy. True, the federal government has avoided all-out austerity. But state and local governments, which must run more or less balanced budgets, have slashed spending and employment as federal aid runs out — and this has been a major drag on the overall economy. Without those spending cuts, we might already have been on the road to self-sustaining growth; as it is, recovery still hangs in the balance.

And we may get tipped in the wrong direction by Continental Europe, where austerity policies are having the same effect as in Britain, with many signs pointing to recession this year.

The infuriating thing about this tragedy is that it was completely unnecessary. Half a century ago, any economist — or for that matter any undergraduate who had read Paul Samuelson’s textbook “Economics” — could have told you that austerity in the face of depression was a very bad idea. But policy makers, pundits and, I’m sorry to say, many economists decided, largely for political reasons, to forget what they used to know. And millions of workers are paying the price for their willful amnesia.

February 19, 2012

Pain Without Gain

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Last week the European Commission confirmed what everyone suspected: the economies it surveys are shrinking, not growing. It’s not an official recession yet, but the only real question is how deep the downturn will be.

And this downturn is hitting nations that have never recovered from the last recession. For all America’s troubles, its gross domestic product has finally surpassed its pre-crisis peak; Europe’s has not. And some nations are suffering Great Depression-level pain: Greece and Ireland have had double-digit declines in output, Spain has 23 percent unemployment, Britain’s slump has now gone on longer than its slump in the 1930s.

Worse yet, European leaders — and quite a few influential players here — are still wedded to the economic doctrine responsible for this disaster.

For things didn’t have to be this bad. Greece would have been in deep trouble no matter what policy decisions were taken, and the same is true, to a lesser extent, of other nations around Europe’s periphery. But matters were made far worse than necessary by the way Europe’s leaders, and more broadly its policy elite, substituted moralizing for analysis, fantasies for the lessons of history.

Specifically, in early 2010 austerity economics — the insistence that governments should slash spending even in the face of high unemployment — became all the rage in European capitals. The doctrine asserted that the direct negative effects of spending cuts on employment would be offset by changes in “confidence,” that savage spending cuts would lead to a surge in consumer and business spending, while nations failing to make such cuts would see capital flight and soaring interest rates. If this sounds to you like something Herbert Hoover might have said, you’re right: It does and he did.

Now the results are in — and they’re exactly what three generations’ worth of economic analysis and all the lessons of history should have told you would happen. The confidence fairy has failed to show up: none of the countries slashing spending have seen the predicted private-sector surge. Instead, the depressing effects of fiscal austerity have been reinforced by falling private spending.

Furthermore, bond markets keep refusing to cooperate. Even austerity’s star pupils, countries that, like Portugal and Ireland, have done everything that was demanded of them, still face sky-high borrowing costs. Why? Because spending cuts have deeply depressed their economies, undermining their tax bases to such an extent that the ratio of debt to G.D.P., the standard indicator of fiscal progress, is getting worse rather than better.

Meanwhile, countries that didn’t jump on the austerity train — most notably, Japan and the United States — continue to have very low borrowing costs, defying the dire predictions of fiscal hawks.

Now, not everything has gone wrong. Late last year Spanish and Italian borrowing costs shot up, threatening a general financial meltdown. Those costs have now subsided, amid general sighs of relief. But this good news was actually a triumph of anti-austerity: Mario Draghi, the new president of the European Central Bank, brushed aside the inflation-worriers and engineered a large expansion of credit, which was just what the doctor ordered.

So what will it take to convince the Pain Caucus, the people on both sides of the Atlantic who insist that we can cut our way to prosperity, that they are wrong?

After all, the usual suspects were quick to pronounce the idea of fiscal stimulus dead for all time after President Obama’s efforts failed to produce a quick fall in unemployment — even though many economists warned in advance that the stimulus was too small. Yet as far as I can tell, austerity is still considered responsible and necessary despite its catastrophic failure in practice.

The point is that we could actually do a lot to help our economies simply by reversing the destructive austerity of the last two years. That’s true even in America, which has avoided full-fledged austerity at the federal level but has seen big spending and employment cuts at the state and local level. Remember all the fuss about whether there were enough “shovel ready” projects to make large-scale stimulus feasible? Well, never mind: all the federal government needs to do to give the economy a big boost is provide aid to lower-level governments, allowing these governments to rehire the hundreds of thousands of schoolteachers they have laid off and restart the building and maintenance projects they have canceled.

Look, I understand why influential people are reluctant to admit that policy ideas they thought reflected deep wisdom actually amounted to utter, destructive folly. But it’s time to put delusional beliefs about the virtues of austerity in a depressed economy behind us.

Syrie: Mise à jour sur la situation en Syrie

February 19, 2012 Leave a comment

This post is courtesy of our friend Juan Cole

General Assembly Condemns Syria as Regime Bombards Homs Again

Posted on 02/17/2012 by Juan

The world condemned the Syria regime’s brutal crackdown on its own people at the UN General Assembly on Thursday. What would be the response of the ruling Baath Party? We didn’t have to wait long to find out.

On Friday morning, the Syrian armed forces subjected Baba Amr in Homs to one of the fiercest bombardments yet in the 14-day-old regime attempt to take back control of the rebellious city. Some observers allege that at the same time the regime’s hold on the north of the country has weakened. Revolutionaries appear also to have taken control of much of the city of Idlib.

At the UN, the Arab League presented a Saudi Arabian-crafted statement on Syria to the General Assembly. It condemned the state’s crackdown, which has cost thousands of civilian lives Of 193 nations, 137 voted in favor the resolution condemning the ruling Baath regime. Only 12 opposed, including Russia, China, Iran and Latin American friends of Iran, including Venezuela and Ecuador. (Venezuela is pledged to deliver oil to Syria at a time that it is facing economic sanctions and boycotts in other quarters.). The rest of the nations were absent or abstained.

The General Assembly vote was pursued by the Arab League out of knowledge that Russia and China would veto any strong censure at the level of the Security Council, as happened recently. Russia and China have trade interests in Baathist Syria, and also dislike the very idea of outside interference when putting down a popular revolt.

Unfortunately, the UNGA vote has no direct legal consequences. Unlike the UNSC, it cannot authorize the use of forces. It cannot refer cases to the International Criminal Court. The vote is symbolic more than anything else, and the Syrian opposition used it to advantage in video made after the resolution.

The world body’s vote came a day after Syrian President Bashar al-Assad pledged a February 26 vote in a referendum on a new constitution that would end Syria’s one-party state. Much of the opposition has decided to boycott the polls, believing that the whole thing is a stunt.

Aljazeera English reports:

Meanwhile, on Thursday Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Anthony Shadid died in Syria of an asthma attack. He had sneaked in from Lebanon to find out more about the military wing of the opposition. Lebanese-American Shadid made his mark with his belief in the dignity of the Arab citizen, his searching and humane intelligence, and his knowledge of Arabic, gained initially as a student in university Arabic classes. He set a high bar indeed for younger journalists who will come after him.

Egypte: Des Hooligans ou les soupirs d’une possible contre-révolution?

February 5, 2012 2 comments

Egypt Soccer Protests Challenge Military Regime

Posted on 02/04/2012 by Juan

Friday saw another day of big protests and police repression in Egypt’s major cities. The protesters, who want the military to withdraw from politics and go back to the barracks, were galvanized by the soccer tragedy at Port Said on Wednesday, where some 74 persons were crushed in a stampede after local ultras (soccer hoodlums) supporting the al-Masri team attacked those cheering for Cairo’s al-Ahli team.

Ahli soccer rowdies had played a leading role in the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, and I saw them lining up around Tahrir Square last summer to provide security to a second round of protests. Ultras had often fought police after games, and used that experience during the revolution. Those in Egypt’s dissident movement already predisposed to see the military and police as holdovers of the Mubarak regime darkly suspected that police in Port Said had their own thugs target Ahli ultras in an act of revenge.

Even level-headed Egyptian authorities, such as judges in the judiciary, took this theory seriously enough to forbid the head of the Egyptian soccer federation to travel abroad, along with the governor of Port Said.

You can’t really understand the Arab world unless you appreciate the importance of what Americans call soccer (in most parts of the world it is just “football”). The first thing people ask me in Egypt once they discover that I speak Arabic is not where I am from or what I do, but if I am a supporter of the Ahli team or the Zamalik one. (I’ve lived on the island of Zamalik and, despite the opprobrium it will bring me in some circles, admit to being a Zamalikawi). People are passionate about their soccer. Enthusiasm for the game has helped them get through a very difficult year with a bad economy. And, young soccer enthusiasts are shock troops of popular street movements.

Among Friday’s big protests was one at the Ministery of Interior building in Cairo, the HQ of the state security police and a center under the old regime of torture and arbitrary imprisonment and punishment. At one point it was reported that police and military had been forced to abandon the Cairo television station, but the station denied that report.

Large numbers of protesters, in Cairo, Alexandria and elsewhere, were injured or sickened by military-grade tear gas deployed by police and security forces. In one incident, the wind shifted and blew the tear gas back at the police, which crowds saw as divine intervention. They shouted triumphantly, “God is Great!” A protester and an officer were said to have been killed.

The Arabic press is reporting that angry crowds threw stones at the HQ of the security policy in Suez, and wire services say two were killed there.

Ironically, Egypt’s generals may ultimately be brought down not by civil libertarians or Muslim fundamentalists but by young soccer fanatics. That wouldn’t be an entirely new phenomenon in Egyptian history. An earlier generation of Ahli ultras played a role in anti-British agitations that led to Egypt’s independence.

Courtesy of Juan Cole

France: Sarkozy fera tout pour obtenir le vote des Arméniens

December 23, 2011 4 comments

It is amazing how the incumbent French president Nicolas Sarkozy is trying to campaign on everything, but on his domestic agenda and accomplishments. I have already noted on this blog that Sarkozy cannot run on his record and win his reelection bid. So, he is running away from it as I have predicted, and the legislation criminalizing denials of the Turkish genocide against the Armenians population in the early 20th century is a flagrant example of this electoral strategy.

However, beyond the electoral strategy, this legislation clearly exceeds the French Parliament legislative prerogatives, and violates one of the most basic democratic foundations and rights, which is the right to free speech and expression.

It is not up to the French Parliament to either write history or dictate its version of historical events. Parliamentarians are not historians and they will never be. Their role is limited to making laws dealing with the country’s political, economic and social needs. One would understand if the French Parliamentarians wanted to deal with France’s own past and history (the U.S. Congress did that when it recognized the responsibility of the Federal government in the massacres of Native Americans). One would also understand if the French Parliamentarians, for instance, wanted to clarify the role of the French Republic in the Second World War, or in the Holocaust, or in its colonial conquests. After all, those were events that involved directly the responsibility of the French Republic. However, for the French Parliamentarians to deal with events that occurred on another continent, in another country, about a century or so go, where the French Republic was not involved directly or indirectly, is a clear violation of their legislative prerogatives and duties.

Nowhere in the constitution of the Fifth Republican does it say that the Parliament has the constitutional duty to take up such an action, to revise and/or write or rewrite the history of another country and to assign blame. The functions of any Parliament (at the exception of the House of Commons)  are enshrined in the country’s constitution.  It is that general framework that limits the actions of any parliament, and the French Parliament is no exception. Thus,  enacting “memorial laws” is clearly beyond the constitutional prerogatives of the French Parliament, and going as far as criminalizing the denial of a historical events—no matter how horrific that event is—not only is it unconstitutional, but it is also a violation of freedom of speech, expression and thought which are fundamental civil liberties that any democracy must uphold and defend.

Furthermore, the president has the duty to uphold the constitution. That is what the presidential oath is. Here, president Sarkozy by defending this legislation has chosen to violate the constitution that he swore to uphold.  So, what is going on here? Why is Sarkozy pushing for the criminalization of the denial of the Armenian genocide? Why is there a need for a new law especially when there is already a law passed in 2001/2002,  which officially recognizes the Armenian genocide? Well, here we go to the electoral game and the electoral strategy that the incumbent president Sarkozy has chosen. As I have stated it in a previous post, Sarkozy cannot win on his abysmal domestic record, so he has to carve electoral niches and tap into the fear and anger of each of those electoral niches. For the last 2 or 3 months, Sarkozy has been taping into the National Front electorate.  You just need to read the numerous inflammatory and racist declarations of his minister of the interior, Claude Geant, to know that Sarkozy is going after Marine Le Pen’s electorate. Now he is upping the ante and doubling down on his bet. He is taping into the Armenian electorate, which roughly represents about 200, 000 votes according to the electoral data published in 2002. Granted, the French-Armenians usually vote center-right or right. However, with a president that has so little domestic accomplishment and who electoral coalition is breaking down daily, he had to find a way to consolidate one of those electoral blocks. By backing this law and supporting it, Sarkozy is making sure that the French-Armenian electorate will vote Sarkozy in the first and second round. So, as we say “mission accomplie”; however, i don’t think that the Armenian vote alone would be enough to secure his reelection.

In addition, how can anyone outlaw a thought? This is what this legislation does. It says that there is no discussion or debate surrounding a historical event that occurred in early 1900s, thousands of kilometers away from France, and on another continent. The French Parliament has substituted its judgment (more like an opinion to me) to the historians’ scientific work and investigation. By doing so, the French Parliament has criminalized any scholarly driven research into the events that took place in the early 1900s. By doing so, the French Parliament has outlawed any other conclusion or interpretation of those events and forced French historians and academics to endorse its conclusion, and banned them from arriving to any other interpretation or conclusion, but its conclusion. Not only does this violate freedom of speech in the most flagrant and obvious way, but it also violates the basic elements of a well designed research. We do not start with a conclusion and then work our way backward to find support for that conclusion, but we start with a question and hypothesis and go about finding systematic and rational support for either rejecting it or failing to rejecting it. I think, French historians and French graduate students in history should be abhorred by such a Stalinist law.

In sum, i am not surprised by this new law. It is motivated by pure electoral concerns. Sarkozy does not give a damn about the Armenians in France, nor does he give a damn about their early 1900s plight. He is only interested in their votes. And he will do and say anything to secure that vote.

I highly advise the Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to pass a law (he certainly has the majority necessary to easily  secure its passage) recognizing the responsibility of the French Republic (the Third, Fourth and the Fifth Republic) in the Algerian Genocides (yes genocides in plural because there are several) that took place between 1830 and 1962.  Such a move would certainly anger the corrupt Algerian government since Bouteflika and his minions are known for kowtowing to their French masters; it would also please the Algerian people; but most of all, it would force France face to its real history and its real crimes.